Dairy is uniquely emotional in the world of nutrition. It is bound up in childhood, in comfort, in culture, in the image of strong bones and healthy kids and wholesome American farms. It is also a multi-billion dollar industry with one of the most successful marketing campaigns in the history of food — a campaign built on the phrase Got Milk, on the three-a-day dairy recommendation that appeared in federal dietary guidelines for decades, and on the simple, memorable, and only partially accurate claim that dairy is the best source of calcium for strong bones.

I want to be honest with you from the start of this episode: the dairy science is genuinely complicated. This is not a case where the evidence clearly points in one direction and industry is suppressing it. The research on dairy and health is mixed, context-dependent, highly variable by product type, and influenced by a remarkable number of confounding factors. What I am going to do today is walk you through the actual evidence — the good, the bad, and the genuinely uncertain — so that you can make an informed decision about the role of dairy in your own life rather than having that decision made for you by a milk mustache advertisement.

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